Energi Adidaya Nusantara – Industrial Supplies in Indonesia

Category: Mining

  • A Short Guide To Indonesia’s Shipping and Shipyard Industries

    A Short Guide To Indonesia’s Shipping and Shipyard Industries

    Indonesia’s Shipping and Shipyard Industries

    Indonesia’s Shipping and Shipyard Industries
    Located along a number of the world’s busiest sea lanes, Indonesia offers tremendous potential for sea transportation. While the 2013 slowdown in investment and consumption also affected maritime cargo, the world is absolute to improve once the economy brightens up again, buoyed by strong freight demand within the ASEAN region. within the future, Indonesia’s growing manufacturing industries and increased production and processing of natural resources will secure rising export demand, while imports should still like vibrant consumer spending. Construction of latest port facilities will eventually alleviate congestion at major terminals, which has been one amongst the best constraints on growth within the industry.

    Aside from national and regional economic process, improving infrastructure should facilitate growth in Indonesia’s shipping and shipbuilding sectors. When foreign flagged carriers were barred in the domestic shipping for more engagement, the presence of vessels allowed the local companies to participate or capitalize the immense requirement of transporting goods and humans through the globe’s largest archipelago. With each passing day, costly logistics are skyrocketing up the consumer prices, harms the Indonesia’s industrial vying. It puts pressure for liberalizing port management and domestic shipping.

    Indonesia’s Shipping and Shipyard Industries Sector overview

    Ports:

    There are over 100 commercial ports in Indonesia but they hold the capabilities for small vessels on the domestic runs, and few more container facilities. For storing huge ports to receive trans-oceanic vessels, has gone through the shortage period as the system was inefficient.  In the building of the ASEAN single market, Jakarta is shaping for upgrading to open up the country’s largest ports for handling international traffic. As you know Jakarta’s Tanjung Priok port is overloaded for handling about more than two-third of the Indonesia’s export and import facilities.

    It’s still unable to accommodate very large container ships, though its long-term expansion is about to enable it to handle vessels with a capacity of up to 18,000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent units). Its current throughput capacity of 5 million TEU a year pales as compared with a number of the world’s largest ports that happen to be within the neighborhood, like Singapore’s with over 31 million TEU.

    Vessels:

    Increasing demand, particularly for domestic shipping, has sparked an unlimited increase within the Indonesian commercial fleet: from 6,041 vessels in March 2005 to 12,536 in July 2013, consistent with the Indonesian National Ship Owners Association (INSA). The increase in the number of ships tripled the total volume capacity, from 5.67 million GT (Gross Tonnage) in 2005 to 17.89 million GT in 2013. National shipping lines finds profit in the cabotage principle as enacted in Law No. 17/2008 on Shipping, that reserves the domestic shipping for the Indonesia flagged carrier, including the Indonesia crew. Although the Government Regulation 22/2011 gives permission for exemptions from the cabotage principle. As in regards of the transportation services, especially for the gas industry and offshore oil. Why? Because the country still relies heavily on the global companies. Activities foreign firms can provide, as long as no Indonesian company is offered, are oil and gas surveying, offshore construction and support for offshore operations, moreover as dredging and salvage and underwater work. this is often quite a distinct segment market, and because the government seeks to spice up offshore exploration and production, this business area should see substantial growth over the approaching years

    Shipyards:



    Indonesia’s installed capacity for ship construction and repair doesn’t befit the country’s geographic character as an archipelago amid the busiest waterways within the fast-growing Southeast Asian region. Practically, shipyard holds the capacity to grow hand in hand with help from the shipping business. But that’s not what happened in the case of Indonesia. More than 200 shipyards inside the country with combined annual fresh building has the capacity of building around 800,000 DWT (dead weight tones) and the maintenance proportions of more than 10 million DWT.   While those figures represent significant increases over the past years, they fail to accommodate the wants of the growing national fleet, not least because many local yards are incapable of putting out large ships. The Batam-Bintan-Karimun trade Zone (FTZ) is developing into a shipbuilding center, capitalizing on its proximity to the financial hub of Singapore, where most of the investment comes from. While the success of the project has been the subject of debate, the FTZ does grant industries operating within its borders significant benefits in terms of taxation and duties.

    The 2008 Shipping Law

    If you are involved in shipping, you would definitely have heard about the 2008 Shipping Law. You don’t? Hear me out! It simply states to easy the business licensing and port management for boost of the competition and bring more private investment. At the present end, the law also does away with the monopoly in port services enjoyed by state-owned port operator Pelindo (or more precisely, Pelindo I, II, III and IV, each of which operate in numerous regions). Yet competitiveness of the industry continues to be left wanting, with importing and exporting companies lamenting congestion and poor services at Indonesian ports. the planet Bank’s global survey on competitiveness actually shows Indonesia dropping two ranks in terms of cross-border cargo trade and lagging behind other ASEAN nations.

    Improving infrastructure

    Aside from national and regional economic process, improving infrastructure should facilitate growth in Indonesia’s shipping and shipbuilding sectors. The Indonesia government has seer dedication for boosting maritime transportation, under-developed easter regions for more port facilities, with the help of public and private investment. The Makassar New Port project is geared toward turning South Sulawesi’s capital into the country’s eastern gateway. Chief developer Pelindo IV is considering cooperating with private or other state-controlled companies on the project, which is somewhat belatedly. Construction work is predicted to commence in 2014.

    Other projects for brand spanking new or expanded ports are underway round the country, notably in Jakarta, where impeded port access and congestion often delay charging or discharging of cargo and in some cases mean ships leave Tanjung Priok port before they’re fully loaded so as to stay to their published schedules. Kalibaru port, Jakarta is an extension of Tanjung Priok. It is predicted for contributing 4.5 million TEU as in annual capacity.

    One of the largest single problem standing on the way of Indonesia’s shipping business is the infrastructure bottlenecks as their removal unlocks the new growth potential in the maritime transportation. Although the port development presents itself for appealing the investment opportunities. Nowadays, most of the Indonesia’s shipping undergoes to Singapore and Malaysia. Seeing the Indonesia’s perfect location, it would eventually become a transshipment hub itself.

    Challenges of Shipyard Industry

    There is no shipyard with danger. Many insurance companies levy premium charges upon the Indonesia shipping operations keeping an eye for many problems, such as labour disputes and piracy. A report by the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) ranks Indonesia in concert of the worst affected countries for piracy, in stark contrast to the world trend of piracy easing off. Indonesia recorded the most important number of incidents in 2012, though most of those were “low level attacks aimed toward thefts against the vessels and will not be compared to the more serious, violent attacks within the Gulf of Guinea and off Somalia.”

    Labour disputes can seriously disrupt work on ports and shipyards. the commercial Centre of Batam, which also harbors lots of foreign-owned shipbuilding operations, has experienced tenacious strikes and a few violent protests in recent years, despite wages there already exceeding typical national levels. There are indications that a number of the protests since 2011 were politically instigated, giving rise to hope that industrial relations may improve after the future general elections.

    The Final Takeaway

    Given Indonesia’s natural need for maritime transportation and projected strong manufacturing growth in addition as increased trade within the ASEAN region, Indonesia’s shipping sector will be expected to recover quite swiftly from the weak macroeconomic environment of 2013. the best way for foreign players to have interaction within the sector is thru collaboration with local companies, be it in shipping, shipbuilding, port development or port management. Experienced global companies offer funding and knowhow to assist local firms upscale and modernize their operations in preparation for intensifying competition within the ASEAN region.
  • Strike of Covid-19 on Oil and Gas Industry

    Strike of Covid-19 on Oil and Gas Industry

    Strike of Covid-19 on Oil and Gas Industry

    Strike of Covid-19 on Oil and Gas Industry
    • The supply increases as demand diminishes and Oil & Gas needs to reorganize business. In the span of the COVID-19 crisis, it is safe to accept and continue to witness a dramatic shift in life and management. The resulting anxiety, both human and economic, has also prevented traditional business models from switching quickly. Although the Novel Coronavirus is cause of turmoil for businesses in general, even before the pandemic with the supply-demand imbalance already came in effect, the oil & gas industry had already experienced serious problems.
    • The Industry of Petroleum & Gas (O&G), which contributes 5.2% to the global demand for oil, is among the top 3 large markets in demand, and the 4th largest in refining capacity worldwide (~249 MTPA). The industry must dig deep and explore its proud history of audacious structural moves, of innovation and of safe and profitable operations in the harshest conditions to change the current paradigm. The winners will be those who use the crisis to replace their portfolios and transform their operational models courageously. Companies that are not inevitably restructured or atrophied.
    • The emergence of shales, over-supply, and generous financial markets, which ignored the limited discipline of capital, have all contributed to poor returns. CEOs feel today that change is inevitable with prices that are reaching 30 years’ lower levels and accelerating social pressure. The crisis of COVID-19 speeds up what was already one of the most transformative moments of the industry.
    • While the depth and duration of this crisis are uncertain, our research shows that the attractive industry performance, which has historically prevailed, is difficult to return with no fundamental changes. The industry is now in an era of intense competition, technological rapid supply responses, flat demand, scepticism of investors and increased public and government pressure for climate and environment. But oil and gas will remain a $1 trillion market for decades in most scenarios. It is too important to fail, given its role in providing affordable energy. Therefore, it is fundamental how value can be created in the next normal.

    A troubled industry is coming into crisis

    • The industry operates through long, shifting supply and demand megacities, alongside shocks. These megacycles saw wide changes in the creation of value.
    • The industry created exceptional shareholder value after restructuring in the early 1980s. In all segments of the industry, except refining and marketing enterprises, total returns to shareholders (TRS) exceeded the TRS of the S&P 500 index from 1990 to 2005. The demand for oil and gas has increased and OPEC has helped keep prices stable. Because memories of $10 per barrel (bbl.) from the 1980s were acute, companies kept costs low. From megamergers a new class of supermajor emerged; for decades they have created value. Similarly, there have been companies with “big three” oil field service equipment (OFSE). Political openings and new technologies created a chance for everyone.
    • In fact, the global industry failed to keep pace with the wider market from 2005 to January 2020, while macro tailwinds such as high demand and efficient supply access continued. The average annual TRS growth in the oil and gas industry was approximately seven percentage points below S&P 500 in this period (Exhibit 1). Similarly, every sub-segment was market deficient and independent upstream companies and OFSE delivered zero or negative TRS. The analysis excludes companies not listed in this period (including some structurally advantaged national oil companies, and private companies).
    • The profit structure of the industry was favorable in the early years of this period. Demand for oil increased by over 1% a year and for liquid natural gas by between 3 and 5% a year (LNG). The “cost curves” of the industry – its assets ranked from lowest to highest – were steep. The price of market clearing has increased with considerable high-cost production required to meet demand. The same applies to gas and LNG, which often have a strong link between oil and prices. Even downstream, high margins were supported by a steep costs curve of the world’s refinement capability.

    Today and tomorrow’s challenges

    • The combined pandemic disruption of COVID-19 and the supply glut created an unprecedented industrial crisis. Supported by this highly positive sector structure and supported by easy provision of returns on capital, as interest rates dropped, companies made heavy investments. The drive to fill more barrels with more complex resources has led, particularly in engineering and construction, to dramatic inflation of costs. These investments have generated massive proven reserves which have shifted world supplies from slightly short too long.
    • The investments in shale oil and gas have been significant, with several deep implications. Shale first re-formed the structure of the upstream industry. The production-cost curve was flattened by the introduction by shale oil and gas (i.e.) and the shale oil reduced marginal supply cost and market price. shale oil was displaced by much higher cost outputs such as oil sands and coal gas (Exhibit 2).
    • In yet another flap, the shale growth made the maintenance of market share and price discipline more challenging for OPEC. Although OPEC has since 2016 been reducing the output of crude oil and natural gas by 5.2 million barrels (bpd) per day, over this period shales have added 7.7 million bpd to share and limit the prices. It would be difficult to repeat the price gap of 2000 – 14 if the industry doesn’t need a decade to find new resources or develop them but can turn on large supplies in a matter of months.
    • In the past, price wars have been wiping out poor performers and leading to strengthening. But in 2009–10 and again in 2014–16, capital markets were generous to the petroleum industry. In the belief that prices would continue to rise and the implicit “OPEC put” set a floor for many investors, instead of operating cash flows and equity discipline, focused on volume debt-based growth.

      That’s not how it worked.

    Short-term supply, demand, and pricing scenarios

    • Oil prices may recover in pre-crisis levels between $50/bbl to $60/bbl by 2021 or 2022, under most best-case scenarios. Crude price differentials will also present challenges and opportunities over this period. The industry could also benefit from a modest temporary price increase as the massive decline today in investment leads to spot shortages in the future. These price levels could not be achieved until 2024 in two other scenarios we have modelled. Oil prices may not come back to levels of the past in a downside case. In any event, in the next few years, oil is in difficult times.
    • Regional gas prices could drop far below the preceding megacle. At low cost less than $2.5/MMBtu shale gas has unlocked plenty of gas resources at $3.0. The pandemic immediately affected and reduced gas demand from pre-crisis projections by five to ten per cent. As North America becomes one of the largest LNG exporters in the early 2020s and a highly overprovided LNG market, the regional gas prices for Europe and Asia, plus transport and liquefaction cash costs (around $1/MMBtu to $2/MMBtu) will be driven by prices at Henry Hub.
    • Refined product demand is down at least 20% and has plunged into crisis refining. We believe the prospect of jet fuel will become particularly bleak, at least two years before demand recovers.
    • The immediate effects are already shocking: companies must see how to operate safely, as infection spreads and how to handle full storage, prices for some operators drop below cash costs and capital markets close for all but the biggest players.

    The crisis as catalyst

    • In the first place, the pandemic is both a humanitarian and an unprecedented economic challenge. The industry reacted with a heroic effort to operate essential assets successfully and safely at this time of difficulty. In the short and long term, the current crisis has a profound impact on industry. The radical redevelopment of the oil and gas ecosystem and when will depend on the potential outcome of supply demand and the actions of other parties such as government, regulators and investors. However, in every scenario, we argue that the crisis without precedents will become a catalyst and will accelerate permanent changes in the ecosystem of the industry with new opportunities for the future.
    • The energy transition continues to be a challenge. Governments are now focused on managing and reducing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economies, which diverts attention from the transition to energy. That said, it is unlikely that the climate and environment debate will disappear. The industry will continue to need innovation that has lowered wind, solar and battery costs and decarbonization. The negative public feelings and pressure on investors and lenders that have been endured in the past can prove to be mild in comparison to the future. The current crisis can even accelerate the transition and decarbonization of energy.

    Industry Implications

    • All companies are rightly working to protect the health and security of employees and protect cash, notably by lowering or deferred discretionary capital and operating costs and distribution to shareholders in many cases. These actions won’t be sufficient for players with a financial strain. In many sectors of the industry, we will likely see the opportunity for a deep reset.

    Upstream

    • There is likely to be a wide-range restructuring of several upstream cubicles based on the chance of balancing weaknesses, particularly onshore America and other mature, high-cost cubicles. We could witness an important consolidation of the US onshore industry, which currently has more than 100 large companies, with only big, smaller, truly smooth, and innovative actors surviving. “basin masters,” to lower unit costs by using synergies, could lead to widespread consolidation. We estimate that skill and scale savings combined with new ways of working alone could reduce further costs by up to $10/bbl, reduce the break-even point in the shale and improve resilience.

    Downstream

    • Whenever a secular decline begins in oil demand, the closure of refineries and other assets with high costs or poor proximity to growing non-OECD markets would be necessary. As we saw in the 1980s and 1990s however, governments can intervene to advocate inefficient assets that put additional pressure on advantageous assets in the global refining ecosystem elsewhere. The potential response of the sector is consolidation, another wave of efficiency effort and the hard work required to get every last cent of value out of optimizing refineries and their supply chains. In the medium term, retail networks can increase their value (and access to customers).

    Midstream

    • Creditworthy midstream assets with contracts have proven to be a successful business model. But as demand peaks in the 2030s—there is likely to be a reduction in pressure on piping-on-pipe competition rates—midstream may continue to be a value-creating component of the oil and gas value chain.

    Petrochemicals

    • Products for leading players, petrochemicals were and can still be a strong part of the portfolio. A disciplined investment in assets that have distinctive technology and privileged markets (such as integrated refinement/ petrochemical installations on a scale) should allow for value creation.

    LNG and global gas

    • Gas is fossil fuel with fast-growing growth, with robust energy transition demand (for example, the shifts away from coal, and from dispatchable backup to renewables). The total emission volume of greenhouse gases for some LNG value chains is however still calculated. We estimate that global gas demand will peak in the late 2030s, since heating electricity and renewable energy development can erode long-term demand. Combined with medium-term volatility, this could lead to additional consolidation and incremental economic activity in the industry.

    Field of oil

    • OFS and supply chain services and equipment. The crisis came in a lot of the oil and gas supply industry; substantial overcapacity was developed and after 2014 profitability collapsed. The industry has experienced the radical consolidation, reduced capacity and capacity improvements needed, despite a wave of bankruptcies and restructurings. This restructuring is likely to take place now, given that asset liquidation similar more to the oil bust in the 1980s than to soft financial restructuring in 2015–20, and a new wave of corporate reconfiguration, technological acceleration, and customer partnerships.

    National oil companies

    • Due to their role as contributors to national budgets and societal needs of governments, national oil companies (NOCs) will be subjected to additional pressure. The complex choices between discipline in the supply sector and protection from market share will be strengthened. The pressure for fundamental changes (e.g., through privatization or a new way of working with IOCs and OFSE firms) is intense in the case of NOCs without the lowest cost resources.

    Durable Challenges

    • Toward the end of 1930 the macro environment is set to be even more demanding if we look beyond today’s crisis. Begin with demand and supply. In the 2030s, we expect hydrocarbon demand, especially oil, to peak and then slowly drop.
    • Excess refining capacities are exposed and the economics of certain refiners, which try to avoid the large cost of closing assets, are under pressure for profits driven by lower pricing and – in some cases outside the growing demand markets of the Non-OECD.
    • The cost curve upstream probably remains flat. Although geopolitical risks continue to play a major part in supply, new low-cost sources of short-cycle supply are reducing price increases in amplitude and duration. Nevertheless, the battered shale oil and gas sub-sector will still deliver rapid delivery. It could even improve its resilience, as larger, stronger players strengthen the industry. The task of OPEC and OPEC++ will be harder to do than easier with decreasing demand driven by the energy transition and global oversupply.
    • In the energy transition, the world’s gas and LNG will play a positive role, guaranteeing a place in the future energy mix, supported by constant demand growth in the decade ahead. However, LNG will add pressure and volatility to global LNG contract pricing and, consequently, regional gas prices by the expected and potential cyclical capacity expansion over the decade. Gas will face the same pressures as oil in the longer term (post-2035), with higher demand and incremental decisions on economy.
    • There are increasing numbers of investors wondering if oil and gas companies today will ever produce acceptable returns. Your role is also uncertain in the energy transition. It will be necessary for oil and gas companies to prove that they can control this area. Discipline will be critical in the areas of financing, capital allocation, risk and governance.

    The Final Words

    • In particular during crises, new companies relating to energy transition and renewables will also continue to emerge. There are still unclear returns for some of these occurrences, and oil and gas must demonstrate whether it can be a natural and leading player in these companies. All of which may be interesting areas of the petroleum and gas industry could be hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, new plastic and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).
  • Mineral Mining Industry – Overview

    Mineral Mining Industry – Overview

    Mineral Mining Industry

    Mineral Mining Industry

    Mineral Mining Industry – All You Need To Know

    The mineral mining industry is responsible for locating and extracting metal and mineral reserves all over the world. Metals and minerals are mined for profit around the world and then used in jewelry, industrial applications, and investments. The industry has a big number of worldwide enterprises and generates significant income. 

     

    What is Mineral Mining?

    • The extraction of minerals such as coal and valuable gemstones is known as mineral mining. Coal is a major mining commodity that is produced in large quantities all over the world. This material accounts for around 38% of world energy and is significantly used in the creation of electricity. Some countries have reduced coal output due to environmental concerns, but many developing countries rely largely on increasing coal production to maintain economic growth.
    • Diamonds are a prominent mineral in the jewelry sector, but they are also used in industry. Because diamond is the toughest substance known to man, it is used to make abrasives, saws, and cutting tools. Industrial diamonds are frequently created artificially.  This lowers expenses by eliminating the need for diamond mining. Diamond demand is robust thanks to the appeal of diamond jewelry, which drives more diamond mining and the quest for new deposits.

    Different Types of Minerals for Mining

    • There are two types of metals: precious minerals and industrial minerals. Gold, platinum, and silver are examples of precious minerals. Precious minerals are regarded uncommon and can have a high monetary worth. Gold, for example, is regarded as a safe-haven investment in times of economic instability, and its value is derived from what it is used for. In industrial and manufacturing processes, precious minerals are used. Electronics, for example, use palladium.
    • Copper, aluminum, steel, and zinc are examples of industrial and base minerals used in construction, industry, and technology. In China, Singapore, and India, copper and steel are employed extensively in manufacturing. Copper’s price is frequently monitored by investors since it can be used as a gauge of economic progress. If copper prices rise in tandem with demand, it could signal increased industrial activity, which could contribute to increased global economic growth.

    The Mineral Mining Industry

    • The mining industry as whole experiences booms and busts that are directly linked to global economic situations. As a result, the mining industry is reliant on other industries to continue to identify new uses for metals and minerals, as well as to sustain the need for mining. When the economy isn’t conducive to investment or jewelry manufacture, new uses for minerals help to keep the mining industry afloat.
    • Mineral investments have grown in popularity as a result of the range of ways investors can buy and hold them, including mutual funds and precious metals shares. While the mining business is supported by the diverse uses of precious metals, it faces new constraints that make establishing and increasing mining activity more challenging. Government regulation, environmental concerns, and other factors raise the cost of mining and make new operations more difficult.

    Types of Mineral Mining

    • Surface and underground mining are two types of mining. The type of mining required and the equipment utilized are determined by the environment and the type of material mined. Let’s learn about it more:
    • Surface Mining: Surface mining, which employs a variety of processes, is the most frequent method for extracting non-fuel minerals, accounting for 97 percent of total production. Miner uses surface extraction for minerals that are close to the surface. On the surface, there are three major ways to mine. Quarrying, open-pit mining, and strip mining are examples of these methods.
    • Underground Mining: Removing minerals, ore, metals, or other items from deep underground necessitates a variety of processes. Mining is for either hard or soft rock, and each requires different instruments to extract the resources. For example, instruments designed for digging soft materials may not be powerful enough to cut through hard rock.
    • The following are examples of underground mining types:
    • Pillar and room mining
    • Blast mining
    • Retreat mining

    3 Steps in Mineral Mining

    • There are three main steps in both surface and underground mining:
    • Extraction: It is the process of removing resources from a mine site by drilling, blasting, or excavating.
    • Material handling: It entails sorting and loading commodities for transport to either a disposal location or a processing facility.
    • Material processing: In order to turn mined ore or other items into finished products, the final stage involves grinding, separating, crushing, refining, and smelting them at an off-site plant.

    10 Types of Heavy Equipment Used in Mineral Mining and their Application

    1. Hydraulic Mining Shovels

    • Applications for hydraulic mining shovels are the following:
    • Moving dirt or mined products.
    • Digging.
    • The material gets scoop into a loader.
    • To open a surface mine, rock or dirt, sometimes known as overburden, needs to remove.
    • Some mined minerals are being transported.

    2. Large Mining Trucks

    • Application of large mining trucks:
    • Moving materials at surface mines.
    • Materials get haul upon the steep slopes.
    • Carrying a payload of up to 400 tons.

    3. Large Dozers

    • Large Dozers have uses for a variety of tasks, including:
    • Creating mine sites by removing the top layer of soil to reveal the ground beneath.
    • Pushing dirt away from operating areas to keep a mine site clean.
    • Land reclamation around mining sites.
    • Plant stuff is being ripped out of the ground.
    • Raking the land in the vicinity of a mine.

    4. Motor Graders

    • Common applications for graders include:
    • Pushing surface material to clean roadways.
    • Creating suitable gradients to direct water away from highways.
    • Constructing transport roads is a job that requires a lot of effort.

    5. Electric Rope Shovels

    • Electric rope shovels used for the following applications:
    • Overburden removal to prepare a mine site.
    • Digging through a variety of difficult materials.
    • The earth is in motion.
    • Boulders move from one place to other.
    • Mined material gets transfers to a loader.
    • Material transportation.

    6. Draglines

    • Dragline excavators have functions, including:
    • Removing exposed material from a strip mine, such as tar sand.
    • When compared to other overburden removal technologies, emissions reduce.
    • Cutting and removing material from high wall surfaces.

    7. Rotary Drill Rigs and Rock Drills

    • The following are some of the applications for rotary and rock drills:
    • Creating holes for surface mining blasting charges.
    • To make wells, production drilling comes into use.
    • Drilling of pre-split rock.
    • Mines expand each day.

    8. Large Wheel Loaders

    • Large wheel loaders are commonly present at surface mines and can perform a variety of activities, including:
    • Loading materials onto trucks for delivery.
    • Digging.
    • On-site support for various loading and transport trucks.

    9. Underground Mining Loaders and Trucks

    • The following are some of the applications for underground mining trucks and loaders machines:
    • Digging.
    • Loading mined or crushed stones into trucks.
    • Material transports to the surface.

    10. Wheel Tractor Scrapers

    • Wheel tractors scrapers have uses for a variety of purposes, including:
    • Road construction.
    • Making the first cuts into the land in preparation for a mine.
    • Land reclamation.
    • Carrying out mining operations

    Conclusion

    The metals and mining industry is responsible for locating and extracting metal and mineral reserves all over the world. Metals and minerals are mining continously for profit around the world and then exports in jewelry, industrial applications, and investments. Precious metals such as gold, platinum, and silver, as well as industrial metals such as steel, copper, and aluminum, are examples of metals. Mineral mining includes the extraction of minerals like coal as well as diamonds. Our company provides the best service for anything that you required.

    About Energi Adidaya Nusantara

    This guide to mining equipment is to help you better understand the many types of equipment and their process of use. We want to be your one-stop-shop for everything mining machines, parts, and more at Energi Adidaya Nusantara (EAN). We can assist you to discover new equipment, rentals, servicing, power solutions, fluid analysis, and parts, among other things. 

    Contact Energi Adidaya Nusantara (EAN) by filling out a form in our website or calling +62217995734 if you require additional information or a quote. Visit us at, PT. ENERGI ADIDAYA NUSANTARA, WISMA KDS, 2nd Floor, Unit #202, Jl. Warung Jati Barat No 6B Jakarta Selatan 12740, Indonesia. 

  • Coal Mining – History, Formation, Mining, Tools, Transportation

    Coal Mining – History, Formation, Mining, Tools, Transportation

    Coal Mining

    Coal Mining

    Coal Mining – Overview

    Before jumping into a coal mining pit, have a brief history to know. Do you know coal was burned in funeral pyres in Wales? Yes, during the Bronze Age, between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago, according to archaeological evidence the rituals were held. In Meteorologica, Aristotle mentions coal (“combustible materials”), and his pupil Theophrastus remembers its use as well. In 1228, the first coal came in London by sea, from Fife and Northumberland, where women and children retrieved lumps broken from underwater outcroppings and brought ashore by wave action. Following that, the term “sea coal” was used to refer to all bituminous coal in England. Many Asian countries also have huge deposits of coals. Okay! Enough of coal’s history. Let’s get into the present time and read about today’s coal mining.

    Formation of Coal: Coalification

    Coal is a sedimentary rock that contains a mixture of components, the majority of which are of plant origin. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and a few inorganic mineral elements make up the majority of plant matter. The carbon content of this material increases as it decays underwater in the absence of oxygen. Peat is the first by-product of this decomposition process. Peat can be found in bogs, marshes, and freshwater swamps, and enormous freshwater swamps in the past provided ideal circumstances for the production of thick peat deposits that eventually turned into coal reserves. The pressure exerted by sedimentary materials accumulating on peat layers causes peat to change into lignite. The change of lignite to bituminous and anthracite coal is caused by increased pressures and heat caused by movements of the Earth’s crust (as occurs during mountain formation) and, on rare occasions, igneous intrusion.

    Different Types of Coal Mining Method

    • Surface mining and underground mining are the two types of mining methods used to extract coal seams. Surface and underground coal mining are vast activities with many different types of equipment and processes, and the method used to extract a coal seam is determined by a variety of technological, economic, and social considerations. Here are the two methods, widely used:

    1. Surface Coal Mining

    • Surface coal mining means first clearing the land and remove the top layers of the soil. Then, drill the hard strata above the coal steam and blast it with explosives. Expose the coal steam and clean the top of the coal seam. This is what surface mining means in nutshell.

    Methods of Surface Mining:

    • Area strip Coal Mining – When the terrain is flat, Area mining begins with a trench or “box cut” through the overburden to expose a section of the coal seam. In the strike direction, this trench is extended to the property’s bounds. Following the removal of the coal, a second cut is made parallel to the first, with the overburdened material from this cut being deposited in the void of the first. The operation is repeated in parallel cuttings until the stripping ratio indicates that surface mining is unprofitable.
    • Contour strip Coal Mining – Where a coal seam outcrops in undulating or hilly terrain, contour mining is typically used. Essentially, the procedure entails removing the overburden above the coal seam and then constructing a bench around the hill, beginning at the outcrop and progressing up the hillside. Previously, the blasted overburden spoil was simply tossed down the hill; now, the soil is hauled down the mountain in horizontal strata to fill a specified valley, or it is replenished on the working bench itself in spots where coal has been taken. Further cuttings into the hillside will be done if the break-even stripping ratio remains favorable. Otherwise, if significant reserves exist beneath the hill’s knob, the coal may be retrieved through underground mining or augering.
    • Open-pit Coal Mining – Several benches are established in both the overburden strata and the coal seam during open-pit coal seam mining. When dense coal seams are overlain by thick or thin overburden, the open-pit method is used; it is also used to mine steeply pitching coal seams. Significant volumes of overburdened materials must be accumulated in vast dump areas during the early stages of mining.
    • Auger Coal Mining – Contour strip mining is often associated with auger mining. The coal is removed using this procedure by drilling auger holes from the last contour cut and retrieving it in the same way as a carpenter’s bit produces shavings. With this process, coal recovery rates exceed 60%. Some augers have cutting heads that reach a height of 2.5 meters. Additional auger stems are added as each stem progresses further into the coal seam, resulting in hole depths of more than 60 to 100 meters. Augering is linked to issues like subsidence, water contamination, and probable fires.

    2. Underground Coal Mining

    • The geologic medium, which consists of the coal seam and the overlying and underlying layers, totally encloses the working environment in underground coal mining. Access to the coal seam is acquired through adequate apertures on the surface, and a network of highways driven into the seam permits the installation of service facilities for human and material transportation, ventilation, water treatment and drainage, and power. Mine development is the phrase for this stage of an underground mining operation. During mine development, the extraction of coal from the seam is sometimes referred to as “first mining,” while the exploitation of the remaining seam is referred to as “second mining.”

    Methods of Underground Mining:

    • Longwall Coal Mining – Coal mine development in the longwall mining method is done in such a way that big blocks of coal, typically 100 to 300 meters broad and 1,000 to 3,000 meters long, are available for complete extraction. The height of coal taken, the width of the longwall face, and the thickness of the slice (varying from 0.6m to 1.2 m) determine the size of a block of coal.
    • Room-and-pillar Coal Mining – A number of parallel entries are driven into the coal seam using this method. At regular intervals, wider entries, referred to as rooms, are cut through the seam at right angles to the entries. The ensuing grid arrangement provides thick coal pillars that support the earth and rock strata above. The conventional and continuous room-and-pillar systems are the two most common. Separate equipment and labor crews perform the unit activities of undercutting, drilling, blasting, and loading in the traditional system. One machine, the continuous miner, removes coal from the face and feeds it directly into a hauling unit in a continuous operation. After loading, the uncovered roof is supported by rock bolts in both techniques.
    • Shortwall Coal Mining – The layout of the Shortwall mining method is similar to that of the longwall method, with the exception that the coal block is not more than 100 meters broad. In addition, the slices are up to three meters thick and are cut by a continuous miner. A face conveyor or other face haulage equipment is used to dump the mined coal. The ceiling is supported by specifically built shields that function similarly to longwall shields. Shortwall mining was expected to have a bright future, but it has not lived up to predictions.
    • Thick-seam Coal Mining – Longwall mining can extract coal seams up to five meters thick in a single “lift,” and conventional mining technologies may remove seams up to seven meters thick in a single pass. When a seam’s thickness exceeds these limits, it’s usually extracted by slicing it into a number of slices and mining each slice separately using longwall, continuous, or conventional mining methods.

    Coal Mining Related Tools and Transportation

    • This is the list of equipment necessary for coal mining:
    • Longwall machines
    • Continuous miners
    • Roof bolters
    • Shuttle cars
    • Underground Rail
    • Ventilation fans
    • Rock dusters
    • Personnel vehicles
    • Scoops
    • Draglines
    • Shovels
    • Loaders
    • Haul Trucks
    • Highwall Miner
    • Blasthole Drills
    • Dozers
    • Graders
    • To transport coal from one place to another, the following transportations are used:
    • Conveyors, underground and overland
    • Barge
    • Ship
    • Railroad
    • Trucks
  • Oil and Gas Industry – History, Hydrocarbons, Types, Pricing, Tools

    Oil and Gas Industry – History, Hydrocarbons, Types, Pricing, Tools

    Oil and Gas Industry

    Oil and Gas Industry

    Oil and Gas Industry – Overview

    The oil and gas industry is one of the world’s most valuable industries in terms of revenue, earning an estimated $3.3 trillion yearly. Oil is vital to the world economy, particularly for its major producers: the United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Canada, China, and other Asian countries. The intricate vocabulary and specific indicators used throughout the oil and gas industry can easily overwhelm investors wanting to get into the industry. This introduction explains basic concepts and measuring standards to help anyone grasp the fundamentals of organizations working in the oil and gas industry.

    Ancient History To 1800’s Oil and Gas Industry

    • From ancient civilizations to the present, petroleum has been used for waterproofing, construction, and illumination. In seepages in Italy, China, Egypt (Gebel Zeit), Cuba, and the Dead Sea, petroleum and its semi-solid cousin, bitumen (asphalt), was discovered. From antiquity to the modern age, Baku, in modern-day Azerbaijan, was famed for its natural crude oil seeps. Early communities in ancient India, Greece, Persia, northern Iraq, and China recognized natural gas resources. Some, like those in the Sichuan Valley, used the energy to heat brine for salt manufacture.

    Hydrocarbons in Oil and Gas Industry

    • Crude oil and natural gas, which are naturally occurring chemicals found in rock in the earth’s crust, are made up of hydrocarbons. The compression of plant and animal remnants in sedimentary rocks including sandstone, limestone, and shale produces these organic raw materials. The sedimentary rock itself is the result of ancient oceans and other bodies of water depositing silt. The rotting carcasses of plants and animals were incorporated into the developing rock when layers of sediment were formed on the ocean floor. After being exposed to particular temperatures and pressure ranges deep under the earth’s crust, the organic material finally converts into oil and gas.
    • Because oil and gas are less dense than water, they migrate toward the earth’s surface through permeable sedimentary rock. An oil and gas reservoir is generated when hydrocarbons are trapped behind less porous cap rock. These oil and gas reservoirs are where we get our crude oil and gas. Drilling through the cap rock and into the reservoir brings hydrocarbons to the surface. A productive oil or gas well can be built after the drill bit reaches the reservoir, and the hydrocarbons can be pumped to the surface. When drilling activity fails to provide commercially viable quantities of hydrocarbons, the well is designated as a dry hole, which is usually filled and abandoned.

    What are the largest volume products in the oil and gas industry?

    • Fuel oil and gasoline account for the majority of the oil and gas industry’s output (petrol). Petroleum is used to make a wide range of chemical goods, such as medications, fertilizers, solvents, and polymers. As a result, petroleum is essential to numerous businesses and is vital to many nations as the cornerstone of their economies.

    3 Different Segments in the Oil and Gas Industry

    • The oil and gas industry has three segments: upstream, midstream, and downstream.
    • Upstream: Companies involved in the exploration and production of oil and gas are known as upstream firms. The upstream sector is characterized by high risks, high investment capital, long-duration (because of the time it takes to locate and drill), and technological complexity. These are the companies that scour the globe for raw material reservoirs and then drill to extract the resource. These businesses are typically referred to as “E&P” corporations, which stands for “exploration and production.” Almost every line item on an E&P company’s cash flow and income statement is directly tied to oil and gas production.
    • Midstream: Businesses that are focused on transportation are classified as midstream. They are in charge of transporting the extracted raw materials to refineries where the oil and gas is processed. Shipping, haulage, pipelines, and raw material storage are all characteristics of midstream enterprises. High regulation, notably in pipeline transmission, and low capital risk characterize the midstream business.
    • Downstream: Refineries are downstream enterprises. These are the businesses in charge of eliminating contaminants and transforming oil and gas into consumer products including gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil, and asphalt.

    Oil and Gas Pricing

    • Oil prices have become a political and economic issue as the globe has become increasingly reliant on it. Until the 1960s, when oil exporting countries took control, major oil companies determined crude oil prices. After a series of oil price surges developed into oil crises in the early 1960s, price forecasting became critical. In April 2020, the price of oil fell below zero for the first time in history, at -$37 per barrel. Demand for oil fell due to the coronavirus epidemic at the time, while supply surged due to Saudi Arabia’s, Russia’s, and OPEC members’ inability to agree on oil output cuts, driving higher demand for oil storage.
    • In the oil and gas sector, price benchmarks are used to help buyers determine the worth of a product based on its quality and location. The following are the most common industry benchmarks:
    • Brent Blend is the most widely used oil benchmark in the world. It’s situated in London and traded on the InterContinental Exchange (ICE). It’s made up of light, sweet crude oil sourced from North Sea offshore drilling.
    • West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is used in the United States for light and sweet oil, notably crude oil from land-locked wells in Oklahoma;
    • Dubai/Oman is utilized in the Asian market for heavier oil with a higher sulfur content from the Persian Gulf.
    • The Henry Hub natural gas pipeline in Louisiana serves as the benchmark for North American natural gas and global liquefied natural gas (LNG). Crude oil is used as a pricing proxy in markets where there are no natural gas pipelines, but this is changing.

    Most Important Oilfield Tools in the Oil and Gas Industry

    • This is the list of tools used in oilfields:
    • Pipe Handling Systems
    • Shale Shakers
    • Power Swivel
    • Draw works
    • Degassers
    • Filtration
    • Travelling Blocks
    • Mud Cleaners
    • Finned Tubing
    • Coiled Tubing
    • Sand Pumps
    • Drilling Generators
    • Stabbing Guides
    • Wireline Equipment
    • Heat Exchangers
    • Pipe & Tubing
    • Pipe Fabrications

    Conclusion

    • Upstream, midstream, and downstream are the three segments of the oil and gas industry. Companies in the upstream sector, often known as exploration and production (E&P), locate reservoirs and drill oil and gas wells. Midstream firms are in charge of transporting crude oil from wells to refineries, while downstream corporations are in charge of refining and selling finished goods. Drilling firms work with oil and gas exploration and production companies to extract oil and gas. On well sites, well-servicing businesses perform relevant construction and maintenance activities.